Nephritic syndrome is a clinical syndrome characterised by: Haematuria: visible or nonvisible, with dysmorphic red blood cells (e.g. acanthocytes) and RBC casts; Sterile pyuria; Proteinuria (<3.5g/24h); Hypertension; Oedema; Oliguria and Uraemia
Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical syndrome that results from increased permeability across the glomerular capillary wall to macromolecules due to structural and functional abnormalities of glomerular podocytes.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic systemic autoimmune inflammatory disease primarily affecting synovial joints, causing inflammation, pain and stiffness.
Hyperkalaemia is an electrolyte abnormality with potentially life-threatening consequences. Although a universal definition does not exist, the European Resuscitation Council defines hyperkalaemia as a serum potassium (K+) level ≥5.5 mmol/L.